For centuries, a medieval manuscript now in the Walter Art Museum, Baltimore, USA, concealed writings by the mathematical genius, Archimedes. The paintings on the pages of the mauscript have been scrapped off and the parchments scanned with X-rays, revealing the only known copy of his treatise about buoyancy, On Floating Bodies, in the original Greek.
Archimedes valued his mathematical achievements most, in particular working out the ratio of a cylinder's volume to that of a sphere.
Archimedes also used math to explain the principles behind layers, pulleys, and other important aspects of the physical world.
He was a skillful engineer, designing machines to life water and heavy loads with relatively little effort, and was frequently called on to solve problems by the king of his native city-state, Syracuse, in Sicily.
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